Transfer of plant protection products from raspberry crops of Laszka and Seedling varieties to beehives

摘要

Field studies were conducted to evaluate the transfer of active ingredients (AIs) of plant protection products (PPPs) to beehives. They were applied in two commodity red raspberry plantations of two varieties: Laszka (experiment 1) and Seedling (experiment 2). Samples of flowers, leaves, bees, brood, and honey were examined for the presence of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, difenoconazole, cyprodinil, and trifloxystrobin (experiment 1) and chlorpyrifos, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, cypermethrin, difenoconazole, and azoxystrobin (experiment 2). In experiment 1, the highest levels of trifloxystrobin were observed on the surface of flowers, (0.04 mu g/flower) and for difenoconazole on the inside (0.023 mu g/flower). Leaves contained only trace residues of cypermethrin and cyprodinil (0.001 mu g/cm(2) of leaves each) and trifloxystrobin (0.01 mu g/cm(2) of leaves) on the surface; inside the leaves, the highest levels of trifloxystrobin were observed (0.042 mu g/cm(2) of leaves). In experiment 2, boscalid was found on the surface and inside the flowers and leaves (0.063 and 0.018 mu g/flower and 0.057 and 0.033 mu g/cm(2) of leaves, respectively). In bees, brood, and honey (experiment 1), chlorpyrifos was present in the highest quantity (7.3, 1.6, and 4.7 mu g/kg, respectively). Additionally, cypermethrin and trifloxystrobin were found in bees, and trifloxystrobin was present in honey. Bees, brood, and honey from plantation 2 contained all studied AIs, with the highest levels of boscalid (28.6 mu g/kg of bees, 37.0 mu g/kg of brood, and 33.9 mu g/kg of honey, respectively). In no case did the PPP residues in honey exceed acceptable maximum residue levels (MRLs)-from a formal and legal point of view, in terms of the used plant protection products, the analysed honey was fit for human consumption.