Salt and nitrate exports from the sprinkler-irrigated Malfaras creek watershed (Ebro river valley, Spain) during 2010

摘要

Irrigated agriculture is a clear source of non-point pollution by salts and nitrogen species. The impact of such pollution should be quantified according to specific cases. The case of the Malfaras creek basin, a sprinkler irrigation district located in the semiarid Ebro valley in northeast Spain, has been evaluated. The main crops in the district were corn, barley and alfalfa, occupying 93 % of the irrigated area. The fate of water, salts and nutrients was evaluated by a daily water balance developed at a field scale for the natural year 2010. The yearly data of the whole set of 101 irrigated fields plus the non-irrigated area compared to the measured drainage produced a basin water balance with a low degree of error. The basin consumed 90 % of the total water input of which 68 % was used for crop evapotranspiration and the rest was lost due to nonproductive uses. 16 % of the incoming water left the irrigation area as drainage water. The irrigated area was responsible for 87 % of the drainage. The average volume of drained water was 152 mm year~(-1) for the whole basin area. The irrigated area drained 183 mm year~(-1). The basin exported 473 kg of salt per hectare during 2010. This value was the lowest of the sprinkler irrigation areas in the Ebro valley, mainly due to the lower soil salinity. All the crops except barley received a nitrogen surplus of 10-50 % above their needs. The extra nitrogen entered the water cycle increasing the nitrate concentration in the aquifer water (150 mg L~(-1)) and drainage water (98 mg L~(-1)). In 2010 the mass of nitrogen exported by drainage was 49 kg per irrigated hectare. This value is too high for this type of irrigation system and implies that 17 % of nitrogen applied as a fertilizer was lost to drainage water. The key to decreasing the nitrogen leaching and pollution that it causes could be appropriate time-controlled fertigation along with better irrigation scheduling.