During the 10-year inspection of the boiler of'Sherpa' on the 12 1/4-inch gauge Fairbourne Railway (see page 23), it was noted that a number of studs were waisted. I took the decision to replace all of them since those that didn't need doing, didn't look fantastic either! While I was removing them I managed to snap one of the main steam pipe flange studs on the front tubeplate - you can see in the photo that there is a slight darker patch across the stud where it had been slowly cracking for some time, which is another reason to replace these at sensible intervals.
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