The influence of energy consumption and democratic institutions on output and CO_2 emissions in Bangladesh: a time-frequency approach

摘要

This paper reports the results of a study that investigates the causal interactions among the entities energy consumption, democracy, income, and CO_2 emissions in Bangladesh. Bootstrapping causality and time-frequency domain causality methods were adopted to examine the causal co-movements between the variables, using data series for a period of more than four decades. Results show that time-scale behavior plays an important role. Democracy is an important factor for emissions and national income. The nexus of democracy and CO-2 emission is bidirectional. The impact of democracy on CO_2 is stronger than vice versa. This study provides new insights for policymakers: democratic practices play an important role in implementing climate change policies, at least in the case of Bangladesh.