In the mid-1960s, when I began designing circuits for military applications, many military-rated parts were available. We still had to occasionally qualify a "nonstandard" part, but it was not a huge ordeal, because manufacturers made the parts mostly in the same way as the military parts—with semiconductors, many capacitors, and other parts in hermetic packages. With the advent of both the military and the civilian space programs, manufacturers supplemented the available parts lines with various radiation-hardened parts.
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