OK, this topic isn't for everyone, but this year, I have encountered so many people struggling with frequency-domain descriptions of transmission-line behavior that I thought I'd pass along some interesting tricks. My last column extracted a complete curve of pc-board-trace impedance versus frequency from TDR (time-domain-reflectometry) or S11-type measurements (Reference 1). This column concentrates on trace gain using a similar trick. For the purpose of this column, the trace gain is the gain measured between two points along an infinitely long structure, where distance x separates the points and the signal travels in only one direction.
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