Chip and system-interface design changed radically when electronic systems began to use high-speed serial channels. Serial links in high-speed buses, such as SERDES (serializer/deserializer), DDR2/3, PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect), and USB (Universal Serial Bus) 3.0 systems, operate at rates faster than 1 Gbps. Engineers first used these links in supercomputers, communication backbones, and PCs; now, even consumer products have high-speed serial channels.
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