Cadherins in Islet β-Cells: More Than Meets the Eye

摘要

In 1975, Orci et al. (1) reported that human islet cells contain specialized membrane domains that are compatible with the ultrastructural features of two types of intercellular junctions: tight junctions and gap junctions. Since then, numerous reports have demonstrated critical functions for these cell-cell junctional complexes in islet cells (2-8). Eventually, a number of proteins were identified that regulated cell aggregation, islet cell-type segregation, architectural organization within islets of Langerhans, and state of differentiation, cell growth, and hormone secretion (9-16). Hints that direct islet cell-to-islet cell interactions are required for proper insulin secretion were uncovered in the 1980s when it was observed that single (isolated) β-cells are unresponsive to glucose unless they are given the opportunity to reaggregate into small clusters (17). Even more interesting, it was observed that islet cell types harbor specific cell-to-cell recognition signatures that drive their reaggregation into organoids that have architectural organization indistinguishable from that of native islets (18). These earlier observations have inspired numerous investigations that have led to a more complete understanding of mechanisms regulating islet cell development, architectural organization, and function. In a time of considerable interest in the development of cell-based replacement therapies for diabetes, lessons learned over the past three decades on the function of cell adhesion molecules in islet cells harbor significant translational implications. Hence, promoting the function of select members of the cadherin and integrin families of adhesion receptors plays an important role in the derivation of β-cells from multipotent stem cells; in the isolation, culture, and survival of organ donor-derived islets; and in the successful engraftment and function following transplantation.