Therapeutic cancer vaccines are one of the most promising strategies of immunotherapy. Traditional vaccines consisting of tumor-associated antigens have met with limited success. Recently, neoantigens derived from nonsynonymous mutations in tumor cells have emerged as alternatives that can improve tumor-specificity and reduce on-target off-tumor toxicity. Synthetic peptides are a common platform for neoantigen vaccines. It has been suggested that extending short peptides into long peptides can overcome immune tolerance and induce both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses. This review will introduce the history of long peptide-based neoantigen vaccines, discuss their advantages, summarize current preclinical and clinical developments, and propose future perspectives.? The author(s).
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