Comparison of antioxidant levels and anti-inflammatory activities of kelulut honey harvested at different month of intervals and its chemical compositions

摘要

Background: Harvesting time might influencethe biologicalactivities of honey, which iscrucialfor honey quality. Objectives: This study aims to evaluatethe optimum timefor harvesting kelulut honey (KH) by determining itsantioxidantand anti-inflammatory activitiesand chemicalcomposition at different harvesting times. Materials andMethods: KHharvested at three different intervals (1, 2,and 3 months) was supplied byRimbunanHijauBee Farm, located in Sarawak, Malaysia. Thetotal phenoliccontent (TPC)and antioxidant level ofKHwere determined using Folin–Ciocalteu reagentand 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis (3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid),and ferric-reducing ability of plasmaassays, respectively. Thecytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory effects ofKHwereevaluated onmurine macrophagecells (RAW 264.7) by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromideand lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced nitric oxide(NO) production. Thechemicalcomposition ofKHwasanalyzed by gaschromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: TPC and antioxidant levels ofKH collected at different intervals showed no statistically significant difference(P 0.05). KHat 1%concentration showed no cytotoxicactivity toward RAW 264.7 cells after 24 h incubation. However, 1%KHshowed no inhibition onNO production inLPS-induced RAW cellscompared to thecontrol. GC-MS revealed that hydroxymethylfurfuralwas present with the highestconcentration in allsamples. Conclusion: This study suggests that harvesting time does not influencethe biological activities ofKH.