Background Many patients who used vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) for long‐term prevention of thromboembolism are now actively switched to a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC). Strict adherence to a DOAC is crucial for its success. However, therapy adherence and clinical factors that predict nonadherence are currently not well studied among patients who switched from a VKA to a DOAC. Methods A questionnaire was developed and sent to 2920 former patients of 3 anticoagulation clinics in the Netherlands, who switched from a VKA to a DOAC between January 2016 and December 2017. Questions concerned demographics, treatment persistence, adherence, and the occurrence of bleeding or thromboembolic events on DOACs. To identify predictors for nonadherence, logistic regression models were used to estimate crude and age/sex‐adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results A total of 1399 questionnaires (response rate 48%) were used for analysis. DOAC treatment persistence (94%) and adherence (86%) rates were high. Several predictors of nonadherence were identified, including young age (OR, 5.9; 95% CI, 3.6‐9.8 for 60?years compared to 75?years), low consultation frequency with a specialist (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1‐2.2), a history of minor bleeding on DOACs (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3‐2.8), and a twice‐daily dosing regimen (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3‐2.6). Conclusions Self‐reported treatment persistence and adherence were high in our study population, and several predictors of nonadherence were identified. Factors that can be influenced (low consult frequency with medical specialist, daily dosing regimen) may be used to improve therapy adherence.
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