Background: Groundwater is a main drinking-water source for Chinese rural residents. The overall pollution status of organic micropollutants (OMPs) and metals in the groundwater and corresponding health risks are unknown. Objectives: Our objective was to comprehensively screen for and assess the health risks of OMPs and metals in groundwater of rural areas in China where groundwater is used for drinking so as to provide a benchmark for monitoring and improving groundwater quality in future developments. Methods: One hundred sixty-six groundwater samples were collected in the rural areas of China, and 1,300 OMPs and 25 metals were screened by GC-MS, LC-QTOF/MS, and ICP-MS analysis. To assess the noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of the detected pollutants, missing toxicity threshold values were extrapolated from existing databases or predicted by quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models. Monte Carlo simulation was performed to account for uncertainties in the exposure parameters and toxicity thresholds. Results: Two hundred thirty-three OMPs and 25 metals were detected from the 166 samples. The concentration summation for the detected OMPs ranged from 2.9 to 1.7 × 10 5 ng / L among the different sampling sites. Cumulative noncarcinogenic risks for the OMPs were estimated to be negligible. However, high metal risks were calculated in 23% of the sites. Forty-two carcinogens (including 38 OMPs) were identified and the cumulative carcinogenic risks in 34% of the sites were calculated to be 10 – 4 (i.e., one excess cancer case in a population of 10 thousand people). The carcinogenic risks were estimated to be mainly associated with exposures to the metals, which were calculated to contribute 79% (0–100%) of the cumulative carcinogenic risks. Discussion: The overall status of OMPs and metals pollution in the groundwater and the corresponding health risks were determined preliminarily, which may provide a benchmark for future efforts in China to ensure the safety of drinking water for the local residents in rural areas. The joint application of QSARs and Monte Carlo simulation provided a feasible way to comprehensively assess the health risks of the large and ever-increasing number of pollutants detected in the aquatic environment.
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机译：背景：地下水是中国农村居民的主要饮水来源。地下水中有机微渗透剂（OMP）和金属的整体污染状态和相应的健康风险是未知的。目的：我们的目标是全面筛选和评估中国地下水地下水地下水中OMP和金属的健康风险，地下水用于饮酒，以便为未来的发展提供监测和提高地下水质量的基准。方法：在中国农村地区收集一百六十六个地下水样品，GC-MS，LC-QTOF / MS和ICP-MS分析筛选了1,300个OMP和25金属。为了评估检测到的污染物的非可通癌和致癌风险，缺失毒性阈值从现有数据库外推或通过定量结构 - 活动关系（QSAR）模型预测。进行蒙特卡罗模拟以考虑曝光参数和毒性阈值的不确定性。结果：从166个样品中检测到两百三十三个OMP和25金属。检测到的OMP的浓度总和在不同的采样位点中的2.9至1.7×10 5 ng / L范围为2.9至1.7×10 5 ng / l。估计OMP的累积非可通基因风险估计可忽略不计。然而，在23％的位点计算出高金属风险。鉴定了四十两种致癌物（包括38个OMP），并计算出34％的位点中的累积致癌风险为> 10-4（即，在10万人的人口中的一种过量的癌症案例）。估计致癌风险主要与金属的暴露有关，该曝光率计算为贡献79％（0-100％）的累积致癌风险。讨论：地下水中OMP和金属污染的总体状况及相应的健康风险初步确定，可为中国的未来努力提供基准，以确保农村地区当地居民的饮用水安全。 QSAR和Monte Carlo仿真的联合应用提供了一种可行的方式来全面评估在水生环境中检测到的大量和不断越来越多的污染物数量的健康风险。
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