Background The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between chronic endometritis (CE) and a personalized window of implantation (WOI), identified by results of endometrial receptivity analysis (ERA), and pregnancy outcomes following embryo transfer (ET) based on the ERA outcomes. Methods The single‐center, cross‐sectional study was designed. The study population consisted of 101 infertile women who underwent endometrial sampling between June 2018 and February 2020. We recruited 88 patients who underwent ERA testing and immunohistochemistry of the plasma cell marker CD138 to diagnose CE within 3 months of testing. Subjects were divided into three groups as follows: 33 without CE (non‐CE group); 19 with untreated CE at ERA testing (CE group); and 36 successfully treated for CE before ERA testing (cured‐CE group). CE diagnosis was defined as ≥5 CD138‐positive plasma cells per 10 random stromal areas at ×400 magnification. Results In non‐CE, CE, and cured‐CE groups, the numbers of CD138‐positive cells were 0.7?±?1.0, 28.5?±?30.4, and 1.3?±?1.3, respectively (p??.001). The rates of “receptive” endometrium in non‐CE and cured‐CE groups were 57.6% (19 women) and 50.0% (18 women), respectively; however, in the CE group, this rate was significantly lower than the other two groups (p?=?.009) at only 15.8% (3 women). After CE were treated prior or posterior to the ERA test in cured‐CE or CE groups, the clinical pregnancy rates at the first ET in non‐CE, CE, and cured‐CE groups were 77.8% (21/27 cycles), 22.2% (4/18 cycles), and 51.7% (15/29 cycles), respectively (p??0.001). Conclusion CE had detrimental effects on the individual WOI, leading to embryo–endometrial asynchrony; therefore, diagnosis and treatment of CE should be done before ERA testing.
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