Objective: Cancer is the second leading cause of death in children under 15 and leukemia is the most common type of cancer in this age group. The aim of the present study is to investigate the incidence and mortality of leukemia in children aged 0-14 years and its relationship with Human Development Index (HDI in different countries of the world. Methods: Incidence and mortality rates were obtained from GLOBOCAN and Country’s income from World Bank. The data analysis was conducted using correlation analysis. The association of incidence and mortality rates with HDI was investigated using linear regression models. Results: The results revealed a significant positive correlation between the incidence rate and Gross National Income per capita (r = 0.464, P 0.0001), mean years of schooling (r = 0.566, P 0.0001), life expectancy at birth (r = 0.712, P 0.0001) and expected years of schooling (r = 0.604, P 0.0001). The results also demonstrated a positive and significant correlation between mortality rate and life expectancy at birth (r = 0.199, P 0.0001). An improvement in HDI [Beta = 7.7, CI95% (0.1, 15.3)] and life Expectancy at birth [Beta = 0.1, CI95% (0.03, 0.1)] caused a significantly rise in the incidence of leukemia. Moreover, the improved HDI [Beta = 6.2, CI95% (1.9, 10.5)] was associated with increased mean years of schooling [Beta = -0.1, CI95% (-0.2, -0.01)] and expected years of schooling [Beta = -0.1, CI95% (-0.3, -0.08). Conclusion: As the HDI increases, incidence and mortality from of leukemia increases indicating a change in factors that affects leukemia incidences.
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