THE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERN AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF blaCTX AND blaTEM GENES OF E. coli ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT HOSTS BASED ON THE RATE OF ANTIBIOTIC CONSUMPTION IN SULAYMANIYAH/IRAQ

摘要

Inappropriate use of antibiotics causes the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria. Therefore, this study investigated the rate of beta- lactamase resistance genes and drug resistance pattern of 87 E. coli isolated from feces of different hosts. The rate of resistance to amoxicillin, cefotaxim, ceftriaxone, and meropenem were the highest in E. coli of humans compared to other hosts. 18 (20.6%) isolates were positive with blaCTX-M and blaTEM and 17 (19.5%) of them were found in heavy antibiotic users, but only one blaCTX-M gene (1.1%) was discovered in the low antibiotic user group of pigeons. The rate of blaCTX-M gene was the highest in E. coli isolated from the feces of humans, 13.7%, whereas the highest rate of blaTEM was found in E. coli of poultry, 3.4%. The highest rate of blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes were recorded in phylogenetic groups B2 and D at the rate of 61.5% and 60%, respectively. There were sequence similarities between local and foreign beta-lactamase genes, but single nucleotide polymorphism was found in comparison to CTX-M3 isolated in Poland. We conclude that E. coli isolated from humans were more resistant to antibiotics compared to other hosts and the rate of CTXM gene was more common in human hosts.