An Overview of the Most Common Effective Antioxidants on Hemodialysis

摘要

Dialysis itself increases oxidative stress. The causes of oxidative stress in patients are not yet known, but uremic toxins, dialyzer interactions, and dialysis fluid contamination have been suggested as three major causes of the stress. Peripheral blood cell-dialysis membrane interaction is another hypothesis that has been proposed for increase in the production of reactive oxidant species. Antioxidants can improve or prevent disease by affecting the involved factors. This article aims to introduce antioxidants that affect injuries due to hemodialysis to familiarize the readers with the disease and prevent and treat the disease using antioxidants. For this purpose, the important effects of medicinal plants with antioxidant properties on the levels of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitrogen (NO), peroxynitric acid, protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) production and apoptosis in dialysis were investigated and reported. To conduct this review, relevant articles retrieved from Pubmed, ISI and Scopus databases using search terms antioxidant, reactive oxygen species (ROS), dialysis, and kidney, and indexed from 1991 to 2019 were used. Herbal active ingredients such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids and antioxidant compounds can contribute to reducing. It also prevents hemodialysis incidence and its adverse effects by preventing increase of free radicals, decrease of membrane lipid peroxidation, and increase of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). Free radicals affect fat, protein, DNA and cell membranes, including membrane carbohydrates, causing membrane damage and cell disintegration. In terms of clinical applications, antioxidant products can be used to treat oxidative stress related to dialysis and are practical drugs. In addition, small proteins such as immunoglobulin G and complements attach to the membrane of the dialysis machine which activate granulocytes and produce free radicals. Antioxidants with prevent of kidney damage and progression of the disease by affecting the factors effective on hemodialysis.