Evaluation of the WMO Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment (SPICE) transfer functions for adjusting the wind bias in solid precipitation measurements

摘要

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment?(SPICE) involved extensive field intercomparisons of automated instruments for measuring snow during the 2013/2014?and 2014/2015?winter seasons. A key outcome of SPICE was the development of transfer functions for the wind bias adjustment of solid precipitation measurements using various precipitation gauge and wind shield configurations. Due to the short intercomparison period, the data set was not sufficiently large to develop and evaluate transfer functions using independent precipitation measurements, although on average the adjustments were effective at reducing the bias in unshielded gauges from ?33.4 % to 1.1 %. The present analysis uses data collected at eight SPICE sites over the 2015/2016?and 2016/2017?winter periods, comparing 30 min adjusted and unadjusted measurements from Geonor?T-200B3 and OTT?Pluvio2 precipitation gauges in different shield configurations to the WMO Double Fence Automated Reference?(DFAR) for the evaluation of the transfer function. Performance is assessed in terms of relative total catch?(RTC), root mean square error?(RMSE), Pearson correlation?(r), and percentage of events?(PEs) within 0.1 mm of the DFAR. Metrics are reported for combined precipitation types and for snow only. The evaluation shows that the performance varies substantially by site. Adjusted RTC varies from 54 % to 123 %, RMSE from 0.07?to 0.38 mm, r?from?0.28 to?0.94, and PEs?from 37 % to 84 %, depending on precipitation phase, site, and gauge configuration (gauge and wind screen type). Generally, windier sites, such as Haukeliseter (Norway) and Bratt's Lake (Canada), exhibit a net under-adjustment (RTC of 54 % to 83 %), while the less windy sites, such as Sodankyl? (Finland) and Caribou Creek (Canada), exhibit a net over-adjustment (RTC of 102 % to 123 %). Although the application of transfer functions is necessary to mitigate wind bias in solid precipitation measurements, especially at windy sites and for unshielded gauges, the variability in the performance metrics among sites suggests that the functions be applied with caution.