A Case Study of Malrotated Kidneys with Asymmetric Multiple Renal Arteries, Variant Venous Drainage, and Unilateral Ureteral Duplication

摘要

Variations in the arterial, venous, and ureteral patterning of the right (r) and left (l) kidneys are common; however, concomitant involvement with all three systems is rare. Specimens that demonstrate anatomic variation across multiple systems provide an opportunity to illustrate links between anatomic concepts, embryologic development, clinical practice, and education. During anatomic study of the abdominal cavity, a total of five major arteries (3l and 2r) emerged from the aortic and common iliac axes in a cadaveric donor. Through continued study, multiple contributing veins, of different caliber, coalesced into four major renal veins (2l and 2r) that returned blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava (IVC) at different locations. In addition, unilateral duplication of the kidney with concomitant ureters was evident on the right side. Both ureters continued inferiorly and independently entered the bladder, each with an observable orifice adjacent to the bladder trigone. Most evident in the specimen was the anteriorly directed hilum for both kidneys. Reported measures for each of the observed anatomic variations suggest that the current specimen has an estimated incidence of less than 0.3%. This comparatively rare specimen provides an example of important anatomic concepts that are relevant to educational and clinical practices.