Design of Perovskite Thermally Co-Evaporated Highly Efficient Mini-Modules with High Geometrical Fill Factors

摘要

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a promising technology for nextgenerationphotovoltaics thanks to their high power-conversion-efficiency (PCE).Scaling up PSCs using industrially compatible processes is a key requirement tomake them suitable for a variety of applications. Herein, large-area PSCs andperovskite solar modules (PSMs) are developed based on co-evaporated MAPbI3using optimized structures and active area designs to enhance PCEs and geometricalfill factors (GFFs). Small-area co-evaporated PSCs (0.16 cm~2) achievePCE over 19%. When the PSCs are scaled-up, the thin films high quality allowsthem to maintain consistent Voc and Jsc, while their fill factors (FF), which dependon the substrate sheet resistance, are substantially compromised. However,PSCs with active areas from 1.4 to 7 cm~2 show a substantially improved FF whenrectangular designs with optimized length to width ratios are used. Reasoningthese results in the PSM design with optimal subcell size and for specific deadareas, a 6.4 cm~2 PSM is demonstrated with a record 18.4% PCE and a GFF of ≈91%. Combining the high uniformity of the co-evaporation deposition withactive areas design, it is possible to scale up 40 times the PSCs with PCE lossessmaller than 0.7% (absolute value).