Collectivity and electromagnetic radiation in small systems

摘要

Collective behavior has been observed in hadronic measurements of high multiplicity proton + lead collisions at the Large Hadron Collider, as well as in (proton, deuteron, helium-3)+gold collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. To better understand the evolution dynamics and the properties of the matter created in these small systems, a systematic study of the soft hadronic observables together with electromagnetic radiation from these collisions is performed by using a hydrodynamic framework. Quantitative agreement is found between theoretical calculations and existing experimental hadronic observables. The validity of the fluid-dynamical description is estimated by calculating Knudsen and inverse Reynolds numbers. Sizeable thermal yields are predicted for low-p_T photons. Further predictions of higher-order charged hadron anisotropic flow coefficients and of thermal photon enhancement are proposed.