CO in Protostars (COPS): Herschel-SPIRE Spectroscopy of Embedded Protostars*

摘要

We present full spectral scans from 200 to 670?μm of 26 Class 0+I protostellar sources obtained with Herschel-SPIRE as part of the "COPS-SPIRE" Open Time program, complementary to the DIGIT and WISH Key Programs. Based on our nearly continuous, line-free spectra from 200 to 670?μm, the calculated bolometric luminosities (L bol) increase by 50%?on average, and the bolometric temperatures (T bol) decrease by 10%?on average, in comparison with the measurements without Herschel. Fifteen protostars have the same class using T bol and L bol/L smm. We identify rotational transitions of CO lines from to , along with emission lines of 13CO, HCO+, H2O, and [C i]. The ratios of 12CO to 13CO indicate that 12CO emission remains optically thick for J up J levels between two CO lines increases. The multiple origins of CO emission previously revealed by velocity-resolved profiles are consistent with this smooth distribution if each physical component contributes to a wide range of CO lines with significant overlap in the CO ladder. We investigate the spatial extent of CO emission and find that the morphology is more centrally peaked and less bipolar at high-J lines. We find the CO emission observed with SPIRE related to outflows, which consists of two components, the entrained gas and shocked gas, as revealed by our rotational diagram analysis, as well as the studies with velocity-resolved CO emission.