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THE EFFECTS OF IRRADIATION ON HOT JOVIAN ATMOSPHERES: HEAT REDISTRIBUTION AND ENERGY DISSIPATION

机译:辐照对热JOVIAN大气的影响:热分布和能量耗散

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Hot Jupiters, due to the proximity to their parent stars, are subjected to a strong irradiating flux that governs their radiative and dynamical properties. We compute a suite of three-dimensional circulation models with dual-band radiative transfer, exploring a relevant range of irradiation temperatures, both with and without temperature inversions. We find that, for irradiation temperatures T irr 2000 K, heat redistribution is very efficient, producing comparable dayside and nightside fluxes. For T irr ≈ 2200-2400 K, the redistribution starts to break down, resulting in a high day-night flux contrast. Our simulations indicate that the efficiency of redistribution is primarily governed by the ratio of advective to radiative timescales. Models with temperature inversions display a higher day-night contrast due to the deposition of starlight at higher altitudes, but we find this opacity-driven effect to be secondary compared to the effects of irradiation. The hotspot offset from the substellar point is large when insolation is weak and redistribution is efficient, and decreases as redistribution breaks down. The atmospheric flow can be potentially subjected to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (as indicated by the Richardson number) only in the uppermost layers, with a depth that penetrates down to pressures of a few millibars at most. Shocks penetrate deeper, down to several bars in the hottest model. Ohmic dissipation generally occurs down to deeper levels than shock dissipation (to tens of bars), but the penetration depth varies with the atmospheric opacity. The total dissipated Ohmic power increases steeply with the strength of the irradiating flux and the dissipation depth recedes into the atmosphere, favoring radius inflation in the most irradiated objects. A survey of the existing data, as well as the inferences made from them, reveals that our results are broadly consistent with the observational trends.
机译:热木星由于靠近其母星而受到强大的辐射通量,该辐射通量决定了它们的辐射和动力学特性。我们计算了一套具有双波段辐射传递的三维循环模型,探讨了有无温度反转的辐射温度的相关范围。我们发现,对于辐照温度T irr 2000 K,热量的重新分配非常有效,产生了可比的白天和夜晚通量。对于T irr≈2200-2400 K,重新分布开始分解,导致昼夜通量对比度很高。我们的模拟表明,重新分配的效率主要由对流时间尺度与辐射时间尺度之比决定。具有温度反转的模型由于在较高的高度沉积星光而显示出较高的昼夜对比度,但是与辐照效果相比,这种不透明度驱动的效果是次要的。当日射较弱且重新分配有效时,与星下点的热点偏移较大,并且随着重新分配中断,热点偏移减小。仅在最上层的大气层可能会遭受开尔文-亥姆霍兹不稳定性(由理查森数表示),其深度最多可渗透到几毫巴的压力。在最热的模型中,震动会更深地渗透到几个条形。欧姆耗散通常会比冲击耗散更深(至数十巴),但穿透深度会随大气不透明度而变化。总的耗散欧姆功率随辐照通量的强度而急剧增加,并且耗散深度逐渐减少到大气中,这有利于大多数被辐照物体的半径膨胀。对现有数据及其得出的推论进行的调查表明,我们的结果与观测趋势基本一致。

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