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PLANET SHADOWS IN PROTOPLANETARY DISKS. II. OBSERVABLE SIGNATURES

机译:原行星盘中的行星阴影。二。可观察的签名

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We calculate simulated images of disks perturbed by embedded small planets. These 10-50 M ⊕ bodies represent the growing cores of giant planets. We examine scattered light and thermal emission from these disks over a range of wavelengths, taking into account the wavelength-dependent opacity of dust in the disk. We also examine the effect of inclination on the observed perturbations. We find that the perturbations are best observed in the visible to mid-infrared (mid-IR). Scattered light images reflect shadows produced at the surface of perturbed disks, while the infrared images follow thermal emission from the surface of the disk, showing cooled/heated material in the shadowed/brightened regions. At still longer wavelengths in the submillimeter, the perturbation fades as the disk becomes optically thin and surface features become overwhelmed by emission closer toward the midplane of the disk. With the construction of telescopes such as TMT, GMT, and ALMA due in the next decade, there is a real possibility of observing planets forming in disks in the optical and submillimeter. However, having the angular resolution to observe the features in the mid-IR will remain a challenge.
机译:我们计算嵌入式小行星扰动的磁盘的模拟图像。这些10-50 M⊕的天体代表了巨型行星不断增长的核心。考虑到磁盘中灰尘的波长依赖性不透明度,我们检查了这些磁盘在一定波长范围内的散射光和热辐射。我们还检查了倾斜对观察到的扰动的影响。我们发现在可见到中红外(mid-IR)中最好观察到扰动。散射的光图像反射在受干扰的磁盘表面产生的阴影,而红外图像跟随磁盘表面的热发射,从而在阴影/变亮的区域显示冷却/加热的材料。在亚毫米级的更长波长处,随着光盘的光学厚度变薄且表面特征因靠近光盘中平面的发射而变得不堪重负,扰动逐渐减弱。在未来十年内,随着TMT,GMT和ALMA等望远镜的建造,在光学和亚毫米级的磁盘中观测行星形成的可能性确实存在。然而,具有角度分辨率以观察中红外的特征将仍然是一个挑战。

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