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Planet Formation around Stars of Various Masses: Hot Super-Earths

机译:各种质量恒星周围的行星形成:超级地球

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We consider trends resulting from two formation mechanisms for short-period super-Earths: planet-planet scattering and migration. We model scenarios where these planets originate near the snow line in "cold-finger" circumstellar disks. Low-mass planet-planet scattering excites planets to low-periastron orbits only for lower mass stars. With long circularization times, these planets reside on long-period eccentric orbits. Closer formation regions mean planets that reach short-period orbits by migration are most common around low-mass stars. Above ~1 M☉, planets massive enough to migrate to close-in orbits before the gas disk dissipates are above the critical mass for gas giant formation. Thus, there is an upper stellar mass limit for short-period super-Earths that form by migration. If disk masses are distributed as a power law, planet frequency increases with metallicity because most disks have low masses. For disk masses distributed around a relatively high mass, planet frequency decreases with increasing metallicity. As icy planets migrate, they shepherd interior objects toward the star, which grow to ~1 M⊕. In contrast to icy migrators, surviving shepherded planets are rocky. On reaching short-period orbits, planets are subject to evaporation processes. The closest planets may be reduced to rocky or icy cores. Low-mass stars have lower EUV luminosities, so the level of evaporation decreases with decreasing stellar mass.
机译:我们考虑由短周期超地球的两种形成机制引起的趋势:行星-行星的散射和迁移。我们模拟了这些行星起源于“冷指”绕星盘中雪线附近的场景。低质量的行星行星散射仅对质量较低的恒星激发行星使其进入低速放射轨道。由于圆化时间长,这些行星位于长周期的偏心轨道上。较靠近的编队区域意味着通过迁移到达短周期轨道的行星在低质量恒星周围最为常见。在〜1M☉以上,行星的质量足以在气碟消散之前迁移到近距离轨道,而这超过了形成气巨星的临界质量。因此,通过迁移形成的短周期超地球存在恒星质量上限。如果将磁盘质量作为幂律分布,则由于大多数磁盘质量较低,因此行星频率会随着金属性而增加。对于分布在相对较高质量附近的磁盘质量,行星频率会随着金属性的增加而降低。当冰冷的行星迁移时,它们将内部物体引向恒星,恒星生长至〜1M⊕。与冰冷的移民相反,幸存的牧羊人行星是岩石。在到达短周期轨道时,行星会经历蒸发过程。最近的行星可能会减少到岩石或冰冷的核心。低质量恒星的EUV光度较低,因此蒸发量随恒星质量的降低而降低。

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