A primary criterion of wireless sensor network is energy efficiency. Focused on the energy problem of target tracking in wireless sensor networks, this paper proposes a cluster-based dynamic energy management mechanism. Target tracking problem is formulated by the multi-sensor detection model as well as energy consumption model. A distributed adaptive clustering approach is investigated to form a reasonable routing framework which has uniform cluster head distribution. Dijkstra's algorithm is utilized to obtain optimal intra-cluster routing. Target position is predicted by particle filter. The predicted target position is adopted to estimate the idle interval of sensor nodes. Hence, dynamic awakening approach is exploited to prolong sleep time of sensor nodes so that the operation energy consumption of wireless sensor network can be reduced. The sensor nodes around the target wake up on time and act as sensing candidates. With the candidate sensor nodes and predicted target position, the optimal sensor node selection is considered. Binary particle swarm optimization is proposed to minimize the total energy consumption during collaborative sensing and data reporting. Experimental results verify that the proposed clustering approach establishes a low-energy communication structure while the energy efficiency of wireless sensor networks is enhanced by cluster-based dynamic energy management.
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