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Microbial Communities and Their Activities in Paddy Fields: a Review

机译:稻田中的微生物群落及其活动:综述

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A paddy field is a flooded parcel of land used for growing rice and other semi-aquatic crops e.g. water lettuce. Depending on the environmental conditions, five distinctive types are recognized namely; irrigated, rain-fed/lowland, deep water, upland and tidal environments. Microorganisms found in paddy field soils include bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoan and actinomycetes. However, bacteria are the most prominent microorganisms. Microorganisms present in rice rhizosphere exhibit several ecological relationships between one another and rice roots. These may be detrimental e.g. competition, predation and immobilization of elements or beneficial e.g. syntrophism, commensalism and saprophitism. The major microbial activities in paddy field include methanogenesis, methane oxidation and biogeochemical cycling of elements. Some of the factors that influence microbial activities in paddy fields are quality and quantity of organic materials, pH, oxygen availability, temperature, seasonal variation, rice cultivars, moisture status, inorganic fertilizers and the presence of inhibitory substances. Paddy fields are among the leading producers of methane, contributing about 10% of all global emissions. Paddy field workers are exposed to many health hazards such as Ascaris infection, diarrhea, schistosomiasis, skin irritation and tetanus infection. Paddy field workers should therefore, use foot wears, hands gloves and observe adequate personal hygiene when working in the field in order to prevent the various hazards.
机译:稻田是被淹没的土地,用于种植水稻和其他半水作物,例如水生菜。根据环境条件,可以识别出五种独特的类型:灌溉,雨养/低地,深水,高地和潮汐环境。在稻田土壤中发现的微生物包括细菌,真菌,病毒,原生动物和放线菌。但是,细菌是最突出的微生物。水稻根际中存在的微生物彼此之间和水稻根系之间存在着几种生态关系。这些可能是有害的,例如元素的竞争,掠夺和固定化或有益同理共荣,共荣主义和腐朽主义。稻田中的主要微生物活动包括甲烷生成,甲烷氧化和元素的生物地球化学循环。影响稻田微生物活动的一些因素是有机物质的质量和数量,pH,氧气供应,温度,季节变化,水稻品种,水分状况,无机肥料和抑制性物质的存在。稻田是甲烷的主要生产商之一,占全球排放总量的10%。稻田工作人员面临许多健康危害,例如A虫感染,腹泻,血吸虫病,皮肤刺激和破伤风感染。因此,稻田工作人员在田间工作时应穿戴脚套,戴手套并注意适当的个人卫生,以防止发生各种危险。

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