The present paper reports the results of some spray application trials carried out in a greenhouse with full developed tomato plants to assess foliar deposition, ground losses, and dermal operator exposure when using handheld high pressure spray lances and when walking backwards during treatments. Two spray lance types (conventional with one nozzle and Yamaho C-6 with two steel nozzles, each with two orifices) and two working pressures (10 and 20 bar) were taken into consideration. An experimental design with two factors (spray lance and pressure) was adopted, arranged according to a randomised block design with three replicates. Volume application rates ranged from 775 up to 1252 L/ha, but all data were normalised to 1000 L/ha. The results showed no statistically significant differences in the mean foliar deposition between the two spray lances and the two working pressures. However, the higher pressure improved significantly the deposit into the internal layer of the canopy (+57%), whereas the Yamaho C-6 spray lance produced a higher deposit on the external layer at any pressure. The greatest differences between external and internal layer were mainly concentrated in the middle and high parts of the canopy, where there were 55 007_Cerruto(557)_49 18-11-2009 11:59 Pagina 55 the highest values of LAI and number of foliar layers. The fraction of the applied volume rate on the ground was on average 25 percent and it was affected only by the pressure value: it increased from 21.7 to 28.7 percent when the pressure increased from 10 to 20 bar, due mainly to the contribution of the conventional spray lance under the sprayed twin-rows. Finally, neither pressure nor spray lance type affected significantly the dermal operator exposure. Upper limbs accounted for 51 percent of the total exposure, while trunk and lower limbs accounted for 24 percent each. The body parts more exposed were the left arm and the hands, but also relatively high was the deposit on the respirator, so operators should ever wear appropriate personal protective equipment.
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机译：本文报道了一些在温室中进行的喷雾试验的结果，该试验使用了成熟的番茄植株，用于评估使用手持式高压喷枪时以及在处理过程中向后走时的叶面沉积，地面损失和皮肤操作员暴露情况。考虑了两种喷枪类型（传统上有一个喷嘴，而Yamaho C-6带有两个钢喷嘴，每个都有两个孔）和两个工作压力（10和20 bar）。采用具有两个因素（喷枪和压力）的实验设计，根据具有三个重复的随机区组设计进行排列。体积施用量范围为775至1252 L / ha，但所有数据均归一化为1000 L / ha。结果表明，两个喷枪和两个工作压力之间的平均叶面沉积量在统计学上没有显着差异。但是，较高的压力显着改善了进入顶篷内层的沉积物（+ 57％），而Yamaho C-6喷枪在任何压力下都在外层上产生了较高的沉积物。外层和内层之间最大的差异主要集中在冠层的中部和上部，其中有55 007_Cerruto（557）_49 18-11-2009 11:59 Pagina 55 LAI的最高值和叶层数。在地面上所施加的体积比率平均占25％，并且仅受压力值的影响：当压力从10 bar增加到20 bar时，它从21.7％增加到28.7％，这主要是由于常规方法的贡献喷涂的双排喷枪下。最后，压力和喷枪类型都不会显着影响皮肤操作者的暴露。上肢占总暴露的51％，而躯干和下肢各占24％。暴露度更高的身体部位是左臂和手，但呼吸器上的沉积物也相对较高，因此操作员应穿戴适当的个人防护设备。
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