Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae) with description of three new aviculariine genera

摘要

The genus Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 is revised and all species are rediagnosed. The type species, described as Araneaavicularia Linnaeus, 1758, is the oldest mygalomorph species described and its taxonomic history is extensive and confusing. Cladistic analyses using both equal and implied weights were carried out with a matrix of 46 taxa from seven theraphosid subfamilies, and 71 morphological and ecological characters. The optimal cladogram found with Piwe and concavity = 6 suggests Avicularia and Aviculariinae are monophyletic. Subfamily Aviculariinae includes Avicularia Lamarck, 1818, Typhochlaena C. L. Koch, 1850, Tapinauchenius Ausserer, 1871, Stromatopelma Karsch, 1881, Ephebopus Simon, 1892, Psalmopoeus Pocock, 1895, Heteroscodra Pocock, 1899, Iridopelma Pocock, 1901, Pachistopelma Pocock, 1901, Ybyraporagen. n., Caribenagen. n., and Antillenagen. n. The clade is supported by well-developed scopulae on tarsi and metatarsi, greatly extended laterally. Avicularia synapomorphies are juveniles bearing black tarsi contrasting with other lighter articles; spermathecae with an accentuated outwards curvature medially, and male palpal bulb with embolus medial portion and tegulum?￠????s margin form an acute angle in retrolateral view. Avicularia is composed of twelve species, including three new species: Aviculariaavicularia (Linnaeus, 1818), Aviculariaglauca Simon, 1891, Aviculariavariegata (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896) stat. n., Aviculariaminatrix Pocock, 1903, Aviculariataunayi (Mello-Leit???￡o, 1920), Aviculariajuruensis Mello-Leit???￡o, 1923, Aviculariarufa Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945, Aviculariapurpurea Kirk, 1990, Aviculariahirschii Bullmer et al. 2006, Aviculariamerianaesp. n., Avicularialynnaesp. n., and Aviculariacaeisp. n.. Avicularia species are distributed throughout Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. Three new genera are erected to accommodate former Avicularia species: Caribenagen. n., composed of Caribenalaeta (C. L. Koch, 1842), comb. n. and Caribenaversicolor (Walckenaer, 1837), comb. n.; Antillenagen. n., with a single species, Antillenarickwesti (Bertani & Huff, 2013), comb. n., both from the Caribbean; and Ybyraporagen. n., composed of Ybyraporasooretama (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009), comb. n., Ybyraporagamba (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009), comb. n. and Ybyraporadiversipes (C. L. Koch, 1842), comb. n. from Brazilian rainforest. The subspecies Aviculariaaviculariavariegata F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 is elevated to species status, resulting in the combination Aviculariavariegata (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896) stat. n.. The following new synonymies are established: AviculariavelutinaSimon 1889, Aviculariaexilis Strand, 1907, Aviculariaancylochyra Mello-Leit???￡o, 1923, Aviculariacuminami Mello-Leit???￡o, 1930, and Avicularianigrotaeniata Mello-Leit???￡o, 1940 are junior synonyms of Aviculariaavicularia; Aviculariabicegoi Mello-Leit???￡o, 1923 is a junior synonym of Aviculariavariegatastat. n., and Aviculariaurticans Schmidt, 1994 is a junior synonym of Aviculariajuruensis Mello-Leit???￡o, 1923. Species transferred to other genera: Aviculariaaffinis (Nicolet, 1849) is transferred to Euathlus Ausserer, 1875, making the new combination Euathlusaffinis (Nicolet, 1849), comb. n.; Aviculariasubvulpina Strand, 1906 is transferred to Grammostola Simon, 1892, making the new combination Grammostolasubvulpina (Strand, 1906), comb. n.; Aviculariaaymara (Chamberlin, 1916) is transferred to Thrixopelma Schmidt, 1994, making the new combination Thrixopelmaaymara (Chamberlin, 1916), comb. n.; Avicularialeporina (C. L. Koch, 1841) and Aviculariaplantaris (C. L. Koch, 1842) are transferred to Iridopelma Pocock, 1901, making the new combinations Iridopelmaleporina (C. L. Koch, 1841), comb. n. and Iridopelmaplantaris (C. L. Koch, 1842), comb. n.; the two last species are considered nomina dubia. The following species are considered nomina dubia: Aviculariahirsutissima (C. L. Koch, 1842) nomen dubium; Ischnocolushirsutum Ausserer, 1875 nomen dubium; Ischnocolusgracilis Keyserling, 1891 nomen dubium; Aviculariaarabica (Strand, 1908) nomen dubium; Araneushirtipes (Fabricius, 1787) nomen dubium; Aviculariaochracea (Perty, 1833) nomen dubium; Aviculariawalckenaerii (Perty, 1833) nomen dubium; Aviculariatestacea (C. L. Koch, 1841) nomen dubium; Aviculariadetrita (C. L. Koch, 1842) nomen dubium; Ischnocolusdoleschalli Ausserer, 1871 nomen dubium; Aviculariametallica Ausserer, 1875 nomen dubium; Aviculariarapax (Ausserer, 1875) nomen dubium; Aviculariaholmbergi Thorell, 1890 nomen dubium; Aviculariaaurantiaca Bauer, 1996 nomen dubium; Aviculariaazuraklaasi Tesmoingt, 1996 nomen dubium; Aviculariahuriana Tesmoingt, 1996 nomen dubium; Aviculariaulrichea Tesmoingt, 1996 nomen dubium; Aviculariabraunshauseni Tesmoingt, 1999 nomen dubium; Aviculariageroldi Tesmoingt, 1999 nomen dubium; Aviculariasoratae Strand, 1907 nome