Thiscontribution brings to a close a special issue of Hydrology and Earth SystemSciences concerning the assessment of nitrogen dynamics in catchments acrossEurope within a semi-distributed Integrated Nitrogen model for multiple sourceassessment in Catchments (INCA). The wide range of issues involved in relationto hydrology and within-catchment processes, scale (from small catchments tomajor river basins), climate (from sub-arctic to Mediterranean regimes) andpollution (atmospheric, agricultural and urban sources) is outlined.Consideration is then given to how well the model has performed and futureresearch requirements are outlined. style="line-height: 20px;">Keywords: nitrogen, nitrate, ammonium, organic nitrogen, catchments, streams, rivers, river basins
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