Abstract: Calibration of a model against more than one output variable isimportant for reliable simulations of internal processes. In this study, agenetic algorithm combined with local optimisation was proposed for automaticsingle- and multi-criteria calibration of the HBV model, a conceptual runoffmodel. The model and the optimisation algorithm were applied in two catchmentswith different geology where, in addition to observed runoff, time series ofgroundwater level data were available. For a theoretical, error-free test casewith synthetic data, the optimisation algorithm was usually able to find thetrue parameter values. For the real-world case, parameter values variedconsiderably when calibrating against runoff only. However, parameter valueswere constrained significantly when calibrating against both runoff andgroundwater levels. Furthermore, for one of the catchments, the results of themulti-criteria calibration motivated a modification of the model structure. style="line-height: 20px;">Keywords: Multi-criteria calibration; genetic algorithm; parameter uncertainty; conceptual runoff models; HBV model; groundwater levels
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