Gastrointestinal parasites of swine raised in different management systems in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

摘要

: From 2012 to 2013 were surveyed gastrointestinal parasites from pig farms located in different municpaliyies in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Fecal samples from 790 pigs were collected from the rectum on 88 family farms and 702 farms with industrial production. The samples were subjected to Faust et al., Sheather, Ritchie, Lutz and direct examination faecal techniques. The estimated parasite prevalence was 93.1% in family farms and 59.1% in industrial farms. Balantidium coli, coccidia and Entamoeba sp. were the parasites with the highest frequencies, and the male and female reproductive categories and fatteners pigs the most infected (p0.05). Trophozoites of B. coli were most evident in stool samples from semi-solid followed by solid and diarrheal consistencies. Strongyles eggs and Trichuris suis have been detected exclusively in family farms. Ascaris suum eggs and Strongyloides ransomi showed low frequency. The high degree of parasitism, especially protozoa, indicates the need to reassess the management of pigs in both types of production. Index Terms:??Gastrointestinal parasites; prevalence; pig farms; Balantidium coli; Rio de Janeiro Resumo: De 2012 a 2013 foram pesquisados parasitos gastrintestinais de su?-nos de granjas localizadas em diferentes munic?-pios do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Amostras fecais de 790 su?-nos foram coletadas da ampola retal, sendo 88 de propriedades familiares e 702 de granjas com produ?§?￡o industrial. As amostras foram submetidas ??s t??cnicas de Faust et al., Sheather, Ritchie, Lutz e exame direto. A preval?ancia estimada foi de 93,1% nas granjas familiares e 59,1% nas granjas industriais. Balantidium coli, cocc?-dios e Entamoeba sp. foram os parasitos que apresentaram as maiores frequ?ancias, sendo as categorias machos e f?ameas reprodutoras e leit?μes de termina?§?￡o as mais infectadas (p0,05). Trofozo?-tas de B. coli foram mais evidenciados nas amostras fecais de consist?ancias semi-s?3lida, seguida pelas fezes com consist?ancias s?3lida e diarreica. Ovos de estrongil?-deos e Trichuris suis foram detectados exclusivamente em cria?§?μes familiares. Ovos de Ascaris suum e de Strongyloides ransomi apresentaram baixa frequ?ancia. O alto grau de parasitismo, principalmente de protozo??rios, indica a necessidade de reavalia?§?￡o do manejo dos su?-nos em ambos os tipos de produ?§?￡o. Termos de Indexa?§?￡o:??Parasitos gastrintestinais; preval?ancia; granjas de su?-nos; Balantidium coli; Rio de Janeiro Introduction Investment and research in pig farming have positioned Brazil in third and fourth place, respectively, in the ranking of world production and exports, and contributed to increased domestic supply on the world stage (Ministry of Agriculture 2013, Abipecs 2013). In this context, the states of Brazil in the Southeast (Minas Gerais, S?￡o Paulo and Rio de Janeiro) currently hold about 17% of the national herd and 21% of the industrial farms (Embrapa 2011). According to estimated data from IBGE (2012), the State of Rio de Janeiro has 155,328 heads of pigs. In national herds, parasite incidence can determine common health problems at all stages of production, and is therefore a limiting factor in pig breeding establishments (Carregaro 2002). The main negative effects on animals are reflected in economic losses for producers, such as: reduced feed conversion, reduced fertility, low number of piglets born and weaned, low weight piglets at birth and at weaning, as well as losses relating to viscera of high condemnation rate in slaughterhouses (Bordin 1987, Nansen & Roepstorff 1999, Roepstorff et al. 1998). In addition, pigs are considered the main reservoir of Balantidium coli and Entamoeba polecki, which can infect humans, especially farm laborers (Solaymani-Mohammadi & Petri Jr 2006). Studies in different countries have reported a high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in pigs produced mainly in intensive systems, industrial farms, with fewer parasitic frequency reports in animals produced in family systems. In France, Beloeil et al. (2003) detected nematodes, such as Trichuris suis and strongyles in five intensive production pig farms. In 3636 fecal samples from pigs reared on farms with an intensive production system in Guangdong Province, China, Weng et al. (2005) detected 47.5% of positivity for B. coli as well as, T. suis (5.7%), Ascaris suum (5.2%), strongyles (2.5%) and coccidia (24.9%). Also in China, the city of Chongqing, Lai et al. (2011) estimated the prevalence of intestinal parasites in pig breeding establishments with intensive and extensive system and is evidenced frequencies for A. suum (12.18%), T. suis (10.13%), Oesophagostomum spp. (10.13%), Eimeria spp. (16.53%), Cystoisospora suis (5.02%), Cryptosporidium spp. (6.60%) and cysts of B. coli (22.7%). Uysal et al. (2009) detected with zoonotic potential parasites such as Giardia lamblia (3.7%), Cryptosporidium spp. (8.8%) and B. coli (1.6%) in pig feces of different age groups in Istanb