Recent years have witnessed an unprecedented explosionof scientific knowledge and advances in human microbiomeresearch due to the emerging high-throughput moleculartechnologies. The term human microbiome refers to thepopulation of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses,fungi and protozoan, and their genetic material that live onand inside the human organisms (skin, mucous membranes,intestinal tract, etc.) (Honey, 2008). A search of the literatureat PubMed for the term “microbiome” in the title and abstractillustrates the fast progression of microbiome science. From2006 to 2010 there were just 304 papers that used the wordmicrobiome in their title and/or abstract, whereas the numberhas increased to 11,128 from 2011 to 2017. Research onhuman microbiome, or our second genome, will inevitablybring about dramatic changes in our understanding ofourselves, normalcy, health and illness, and paradigm shiftin the management of clinical practice and public healthinterventions, as well as the production and distribution ofcommercial products promising health benefits and diseaseprevention (e.g., individualized diet, probiotics, prebioticsand microbial-based interventions). For example, ourcommonly used diagnostic criteria for vaginal microbiotawherein the degree of “healthiness” is in part assessed byscoring the abundance of Lactobacillus morphotypes, butone study found a quarter of healthy women do not carryLactobacillus in their vagina. This research calls for abetter understanding of “normal” and “healthy” vaginalecosystem that is based on its function, rather than simplyon its composition (Ma et al., 2012). Another notable exampleis the increasing application of the new therapeuticmodality of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), whichruns the risk of being perceived as a panacea for a multitudeof illnesses and also the risk of abuse, as increasingwebsites sprung up advertising home DIY FMT kits as a“self-treatment” salvage (Ma et al., 2017). Extreme caremust be taken for microbiome-based interventions to bespecific in risk-benefit evaluation and indications forapplication.
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机译：由于新兴的高通量分子技术，近年来见证了科学知识的空前发展和人类微生物研究的进展。术语人类微生物组是指微生物的种群，包括细菌，病毒，真菌和原生动物，以及它们在人类有机体内（皮肤，粘膜，肠道等）生活的遗传物质（Honey，2008）。在PubMed的文献中搜索标题和摘要中的“微生物组”一词说明了微生物组科学的快速发展。从2006年到2010年，只有304篇论文的标题和/或摘要中使用了微生物组这个词，而从2011年到2017年，该数目已增加到11,128。关于人类微生物组（即我们的第二基因组）的研究将不可避免地带来我们对自身的理解的巨大变化，正常，健康和疾病，以及临床实践管理和公共卫生干预的范式转变，以及对健康有益和疾病预防的商业产品的生产和分销（例如，个性化饮食，益生菌，益生元和微生物干预）。例如，我们常用的阴道微生物菌群诊断标准中，“健康”程度是通过对大量乳杆菌形态型评分来评估的，但一项研究发现，四分之一的健康女性在阴道中不携带乳杆菌。这项研究要求对“正常”和“健康”的阴道生态系统有一个更好的了解，而不仅仅是基于其组成（Ma et al。，2012）。另一个值得注意的例子是粪便微生物菌群移植（FMT）的新治疗方法的应用不断增加，这种方法冒着被视为多种疾病的灵丹妙药的风险，而且存在滥用风险，因为越来越多的网站如雨后春笋般冒出广告宣传家用DIY FMT套件。自我救助”（Ma等，2017）。基于微生物组的干预措施必须格外小心，以明确风险收益评估和应用适应症。
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