Collective flows in high-energy heavy-ion collisions at AGS and SPS energies

摘要

Proton collective flows in heavy-ion collisions from AGS ((2a€“11) A GeV) to SPS ((40, 158) A GeV) energies are investigated in a nonequilibrium transport model with nuclear mean-field (MF). Sideward e?‘?e?‘￥, directed e?‘￡1, and elliptic e?‘￡2 flows are systematically studied with different assumptions on the nuclear equation of state (EoS). We find that momentum dependence in the nuclear MF is important for understanding the proton collective flows at AGS and SPS energies. Calculated results with momentum-dependent MF qualitatively reproduce the experimental data of proton sideward, directed, and elliptic flows in an incident energy range of (2a€“158) A GeV.