Optimization and Prediction of Durability and Utility Features of Three-Layer Piezoelectric Transducers

摘要

For the first time, piezoelectric effect was described by authors of paper [1], They developed constitutive equations describing the relation between deflection and electric field occurring in a piezoelectric element. Practical use of this effect is attributed to Paul Langevin. In 1917, he designed a piezoelectric ultrasonic generator which then was used for submarine location. Today, many devices using this piezoelectric effect are manufactured. They are used in such branches as medicine, industry or transport [2, 3].