The periodic assembly and dispersal of continental fragments, referred to as the supercontinent cycle, bear close relation to the evolution of mantle convection and plate tectonics. Supercontinent formation involves complex processes of “introversion” (closure of interior oceans), “extroversion” (closure of exterior oceans), or a combination of these processes in uniting dispersed continental fragments. Recent developments in numerical modeling and advancements in computation techniques enable us to simulate Earth's mantle convection with drifting continents under realistic convection vigor and rheology in Earth-like geometry (i.e., 3D spherical-shell). We report a numerical simulation of 3D mantle convection, incorporating drifting deformable continents, to evaluate supercontinent processes in a realistic mantle convection regime. Our results show that supercontinents are assembled by a combination of introversion and extroversion processes. Small-scale thermal heterogeneity dominates deep mantle convection during the supercontinent cycle, although large-scale upwelling plumes intermittently originate under the drifting continents and/or the supercontinent. Graphical abstract Display Omitted Highlights ? Numerical simulations of 3D mantle convection with continental drift are performed. ? Supercontinents are formed by a combination of introversion/extroversion processes. ? Small-scale thermal heterogeneity dominates mantle convection during the SC cycle.
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