We can effortlessly recognize an object – a car, for example – in many different contexts such as when seen from behind, under different lighting levels or even from different viewpoints. This phenomenon is known as perceptual invariance objects are correctly recognized, despite variations in exactly what is seen (or otherwise sensed). However, it is still not clear how the brain processes perceptual information to recognize the same object under a wide variety of contexts. Some fish, such as the brown ghost knifefish, produce a weak electric signal that they can alter to communicate with other members of their species. A communication call may be produced in a variety of contexts that alter which aspects of the signal nearby fish detect. Despite this, fish tend to respond to a given communication call in the same way regardless of its context; this suggests that these fish also have perceptual invariance. The communication calls of weakly electric fish can be easily mimicked in a laboratory and produce reliable behavioral responses, which makes these fish a good model for understanding how perceptual invariance might be coded in the brain. Therefore, Metzen et al. recorded the activity of the receptor neurons that first respond to communication calls in weakly electric fish. The results revealed that a given communication signal made the firing patterns of all receptor neurons in the fish’s brain more similar to each other, regardless of the signal’s context. This occurs despite the changes in context causing single receptor neurons to respond in different ways. At each stage of the process by which information is transmitted from the receptor neurons to neurons deeper in the brain, the similarity in the neurons’ firing patterns is refined, thereby giving rise to perceptual invariance. While perceptual invariance to a given object in different contexts is desirable, it is also important to be able to distinguish between different objects. This implies that neurons should respond similarly to stimuli associated with the same object and differently to stimuli associated with different objects. Further studies are now needed to confirm whether this is the case.
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