Integrated OMICS platforms identify LAIR1 genetic variants as novel predictors of cross-sectional and longitudinal susceptibility to severe malaria and all-cause mortality in Kenyan children

摘要

Background Severe malarial anaemia (SMA) is a leading cause of childhood mortality in holoendemic Plasmodium falciparum regions. Methods To gain an improved understanding of SMA pathogenesis, whole genome and transcriptome profiling was performed in Kenyan children ( n ?=?144, 3–36?months) with discrete non-SMA and SMA phenotypes. Leukocyte associated immunoglobulin like receptor 1 (LAIR1) emerged as a predictor of susceptibility to SMA ( P ??1?×?10sup?2/sup, OR: 0.44–1.37), and was suppressed in severe disease (?1.69-fold, P ?=?0.004). To extend these findings, the relationship between LAIR1 polymorphisms [rs6509867 (16231CA); rs2287827 (18835GA)] and clinical outcomes were investigated in individuals ( n ?=?1512, 5?years) at enrolment and during a 36-month longitudinal follow-up. Findings Inheritance of the 16,231 recessive genotype (AA) increased susceptibility to SMA at enrolment (OR?=?1.903, 95%CI: 1.252–2.891, P ?=?0.003), and longitudinally (RR?=?1.527, 95%CI: 1.119–2.083, P ?=?0.008). Carriage of the 18,835 GA genotype protected against SMA cross-sectionally (OR?=?0.672, 95%CI: 0.480–0.9439, P ?=?0.020). Haplotype carriage (C16231A/G18835A) also altered cross-sectional susceptibility to SMA: CG (OR?=?0.717, 95%CI: 0.527–0.9675, P ?=?0.034), CA (OR?=?0.745, 95%CI: 0.536–1.036, P ?=?0.080), and AG (OR?=?1.641, 95%CI: 1.160–2.321, P ?=?0.005). Longitudinally, CA carriage was protective against SMA (RR?=?0.715, 95%CI: 0.554–0.923, P ?=?0.010), while AG carriage had an additive effect on enhanced SMA risk (RR?=?1.283, 95%CI: 1.057–1.557, P ?=?0.011). Variants that protected against SMA had elevated LAIR1 transcripts, while those with enhanced risk had lower expression ( P ??0.05). Inheritance of 18,835 GA reduced all-cause mortality by 44.8% (HR?=?0.552, 95%CI: 0.329–0.925, P ?=?0.024), while AG haplotype carriage increased susceptibility by 68% (HR?=?1.680, 95%CI: 1.020–2.770, P ?=?0.040). Interpretation These findings suggest LAIR1 is important for modulating susceptibility to SMA and all-cause childhood mortality.