Effects of biochar and biochar with nitrogen on soil organic matter and soil structure in haplic Luvisol

摘要

Received: 2016-06-08 | Accepted: 2016-10-26 | Available online: 2016-12-22 http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2016.19.04.129-138 An experiment of different application rates of biochar and biochar combined with nitrogen fertilizer was conducted at the newly established experimental field (spring 2014) on a Haplic Luvisol located in Nitra region of Slovakia during the growing season of spring barley. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of biochar combined with fertilization on the soil organic matter and soil structure parameters. The treatments (3 replicates) consisted of 0, 10 and 20 t ha-1 of biochar application (B0, B10 and B20) combined with 0, 40 and 80 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer applied (N0, N40, N80). The results showed that the effect of biochar application without N fertilization significantly decreased the easily extractable glomalin in B10N0 and B20N0 compared to B0N0, respectively. The same effects were observed in B10N40 and B10N80. The soil organic matter (SOM) was rapidly degradable by micro-organisms (on the base of lability index values) in B10N0 treatment and the SOM had greater stability and resistance to microbial degradation in B10N80 treatment. Added N fertilization in both doses together with 10 t biochar ha-1 had statistical significant influence on decreasing of lability index values. The highest accumulation of carbon occurred in B20N0 treatment. The addition of biochar at 10 t ha-1 together with 80 kg ha-1 N significantly increased values of carbon pool index (24%) compared to B10N0. Generally, the highest average content of macro-aggregates was found in the B20N0 treatment and then in B20N80 > B10N0 > B0N0 > B10N80 > B10N40 > B20N40. Treatment B10N0 showed robust increase (by 53%) for the macro-aggregates of > 7 mm, but on the other hand it decreased content of macro-aggregates 3–1 mm compared to B0N0. A considerable increase of aggregates stability was found in range of 19% in case of 20 t ha-1 of biochar application combined with 80 kg ha-1 N compared to B0N0. A positive effect on decrease of percentage of aggregate destruction was found only in case of B20N80 treatment compared to B0N0. Keywords: biochar, N fertilization, carbon pool index, percentage of aggregate destruction, aggregate stability References Abiven, S. et al. (2015) Biochar amendment increases maize root surface areas and branching: a shovelomics study in Zambia. In Plant Soil , vol. 342, pp. 1–11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2533-2 Alguacil, M.M. et al. (2014) Changes in the composition and diversity of AMF communities mediated by management practices in a Mediterranean soil are related with increases in soil biological activity. In Soil Biol. Biochem ., vol. 76, pp. 34–44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.05.002 Atkinson, C.J. et al. (2010) Potential mechanisms for achieving agricultural benefits from biochar application to temperate soils: a review. In Plant Soil , vol. 337, pp. 1–18. doi: http://dx.doi.org/1 0.1007/s11104-010-0464-5 Benbi, D.K. et al. (2015) Sensitivity of labile soil organic carbon pools to long-term fertilizer, straw and manure management in rice-wheat system. In Pedosphere , vol. 25, pp. 534–545. doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/S1002-0160(15)30034-5 Blair, G.J. et al. (1995) Soil carbon fractions based on their degree of oxidation, and the development of a carbon management index for agricultural system. In Aust. J. Agri. Res ., vol. 46, pp. 1459–1466. Bradford, M.M. (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. In Analytical Biochemistry , vol. 72(1-2), pp. 248–254. Brodowski, S. et al. (2006) Aggregate-occluded black carbon in soil. In Eur. J. Soil Sci ., vol. 57, pp. 539–546. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00807.x BRONICK, C.J. and LAL, R. (2005) The soil structure and land management: a review. In Geoderma, vol. 124, no. 1–2, pp. 3–22. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.03.005 Butnan, S. et al. (2015) Biochar characteristics and application rates affecting corn growth and properties of soils contrasting in texture and mineralogy. In Geoderma , vol. 237–238, pp. 105–116. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.08.010 Chaplot, V. and Cooper, M. (2015) Soil aggregate stability to predict organic carbon outputs from soils. In Geoderma , vol. 243-244, pp. 205–213. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.12.013 Cheng, C.H. et al. (2006) Oxidation of black carbon by biotic and abiotic processes. In Org. Geochem ., vol. 37, pp. 1477–1488. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2006.06.022 Conteh, A. et al. (1999) Labile organic carbon determined by permangante oxidation and its relationships to other measurements of soil organic carbon. In Hum. Subst. Environ ., vol. 1, pp. 3–15. DZIADOWIEC, H. and GONET, S.S. (1999) Methodical guide-book for soil organic matter studies . Prace Komisji Naukowych Polskiego Towar