Edoxaban drug–drug interactions with ketoconazole, erythromycin, and cyclosporine

摘要

AimsEdoxaban, a novel factor Xa inhibitor, is a substrate of cytochrome P450 3?A4 (CYP3A4) and the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Three edoxaban drug–drug interaction studies examined the effects of P-gp inhibitors with varying degrees of CYP3A4 inhibition. MethodsIn each study, healthy subjects received a single oral dose of 60?mg edoxaban with or without an oral dual P-gp/CYP3A4 inhibitor as follows: ketoconazole 400?mg once daily for 7 days, edoxaban on day 4; erythromycin 500?mg four times daily for 8 days, edoxaban on day 7; or single dose of cyclosporine 500?mg with edoxaban. Serial plasma samples were obtained for pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Safety was assessed throughout the study. ResultsCoadministration of ketoconazole, erythromycin, or cyclosporine increased edoxaban total exposure by 87%, 85%, and 73%, respectively, and the peak concentration by 89%, 68%, and 74%, respectively, compared with edoxaban alone. The half-life did not change appreciably. Exposure of M4, the major active edoxaban metabolite, was consistent when edoxaban was administered alone or with ketoconazole and erythromycin. With cyclosporine, M4 total exposure increased by 6.9-fold and peak exposure by 8.7-fold, suggesting an additional interaction. Pharmacodynamic effects were reflective of increased edoxaban exposure. No clinically significant adverse events were observed. ConclusionsAdministration of dual inhibitors of P-gp and CYP3A4 increased edoxaban exposure by less than two-fold. This effect appears to be primarily due to inhibition of P-gp. The impact of CYP3A4 inhibition appears to be less pronounced, and its contribution to total clearance appears limited in healthy subjects.