Lanthanides and actinides: Annual survey of their organometallic chemistry covering the year 2019

摘要

This review summarizes the progress in organo-f-element chemistry during the year 2019. Organo-felement chemistry, including Sc, Y, the lanthanides and the actinides, has been a flourishing research area for many years. The mainly ionic and Lewis acid character of the lanthanide metals provides a vast array of intriguing structural features supported by numerous organic ligands. In this year's edition several new types of complexes are presented, including the first scandacyclopropene complex [Cp*(BuC)NiPr)(2))Sc (eta(2)-PhCCPh)][K(crypt)] displaying an aromatic metallacycle, the first lanthanide-aluminabenzene complexes [(1-Me-3,5-tBu(2)-C5H3Al)(mu-Me)Ln(2,4-di-tbutylpentadienyl)] (Ln = Y, Lu) and the first scandium phosphonioketene complex [LSc(eta(2)-COCHPPh3)I] (L = [MeC(NDIPP)CHC(NDIPP)Me ], which all showed interesting reactivities. Furthermore, a wide range of lanthanide alkyl complexes were synthesized and structurally characterized, including the first isolated ScMe3 derivatives [Sc(AlMe4)(3)(Al2Me6)(0.5)] and [(Me(3)TACN(ScMe3]. A very important finding in divalent lanthanide chemistry was the synthesis of the first neutral divalent Dy and Tb sandwich complexes, Ln(C(5)iPr(5))(2), which were investigated for their magnetic properties. The reactivity of divalent metallocenes towards transition metals precursors or As-0 provided unprecedented multimetallic complexes, for example [(Cp*Sm-2)(4)As-8], [{(Cp*)(2)Sm}(3){(mu-O4C4)(mu-eta(2)-CO)(2)(mu-eta(1)-CO)(CO)(5)Re-2}SmCp*(2)(thf)] and [Cp*Yb-2(taphen(MMe2YbCp*(2)] (M = Ni, Pt; taphen = 4,5,9,10-tetraazaphenanthrene). New reactivity of lanthanide complexes was unveiled, such as the direct dinitrogen to hydrazine conversion using a low-valent Sc complex or the reduction of CS2 using different divalent Yb complexes affording for the first time a CS22 bridging unit as shown in the complex [Yb-2(DippForm((4)(CS2)] or an intriguing acetylendithiolate bridged Yb(III) complex Yb2L4(C2S2) (L = (OtBu)(3)SiO). Numerous new lanthanide catalyzed homo- and co-polymerization processes involving polar or non-polar monomers were reported, including efficient and stereoselective polymerization of omethoxystyrene, vinylpyridine or isoprene. The regio-, diastereoselective and stereoregular cyclopolymerization of different ether and thioether substituted 1,6-heptadienes was reported. A wide range of hydrofunctionalization reactions were developed, among them an efficient hydrophosphinylation process of styrenes and alkynes. It was further shown that alkyllanthanide halides could undergo efficient halogen/lanthanide exchange with arylhalides and vinylhalides providing useful organolanthanide transfer reagents, for example in the stereoselective Zweifel olefination. Organolanthanide complexes have also found new applications in material sciences, for example, Ce(C(5)H(4)iPr)(3) was employed for the formation of an ultrathin CeO2 overlayer on a Pt electrode via atomic layer deposition to improve low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells.An increasingly studied field is the area of endohedral metallafullerenes (EMF) which gave rise to a large number of unprecedented lanthanide compounds with unusual cages, as well as dimetalfullerenes with interesting single molecular magnet (SMM) properties and new insights on direct Ln-Ln bonds.Hydrocarbyl complexes of the actinides continued to flourish, in spite of the challenges presented by synthesis and characterization. The first examples of structurally-characterized uranium(IV) homoleptic aryl complexes and transuranic hydrocarbyl Np(III) complex have been reported. An experimental and computational study has demonstrated that f-orbitals have a structure-directing role in overlap-driven covalency in carbene-stabilised metalla-allene complexes and C-13 NMR shift has be shown to be a simple and direct probe of the actinide-carbon bond covalency in the acetylides. Small molecule activation chemistry has provided some unusual and important results, including a uranium(V) carbene complex coordinated end-on to dinitrogen and a stable dinuclear U(IV) dihydride complex which reacted with CO2 and CO/H-2 to form methoxide and ultimately methanol. New ligands and binding modes resulted from actinide main group chemistry, with reports of the first examples of terminal eta(1)-cyaarside ligands (C,As), bridging diarsaallene (As = C = As)(2) and trapped radical dianion of the phosphoethynolate (OCP2 (.)) ligand. The bis-Cp-tBu2 metallocene stablised thorium phosphinidene continued to demonstrate a wealth small molecule reactivity, including reductive coupling, heterocycle formation and E-H (E = P, N, C( bond activation. Two examples of U(II) complexes are reported, [K(crypt)][(C5Me4H)(3)U] and [K(crypt)][U(NR2)(3)] (R = SiMe3). The first direct assembly of a uranium tri-rhenium triple inverse sandwich complex was reported, both experimental and computation data are consistent with atypical Cp-bonding, with electron density redistributed from Re(I)