Geochemical characterization of bricks used in historical monuments of 14-18th century CE of Haryana region of the Indian subcontinent: Reference to raw materials and production technique

摘要

The historical monumental bricks dated 14-18th century CE of Haryana region of the Indian subcontinent were examined to assess their geochemical characteristics, and to understand the raw materials and production technique used in the brick manufacturing. The results showed that the bricks were found hydraulic in nature with low shrinkage and high mechanical and physico-sintering properties, containing high concentration of silica and low concentration of calcium. The combined results of applied methods (XRF, XRD, FTIR, TGA, and SEM) suggest that the bricks were fired at temperatures around 900 degrees C, under oxidising conditions through traditional brick manufacturing technology. The observed variability in the bricks corresponds to different construction phases of monumental structures. These results also revealed the geochemical nature of raw materials and durability of monumental bricks, subjected to various types of weathering phenomena in aggressive environments of the Yamuna River basin. This reference work has an important scientific value for the restoration and conservation of historical monuments with respect to longevity and durability of brick masonry. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.