Measurements and analysis of ice breakup and jamming characteristics in the Mackenzie Delta, Canada

摘要

Ice breakup is a controlling factor in the hydrology of arctic deltas, including the Mackenzie River Delta, which is characterized by a flat front and numerous channels and lakes. Ice-jam flooding replenishes delta lakes with essential water, sediment and nutrients. The present study, carried out under the auspices of the International Polar Year, aims to gather essential quantitative information for improving understanding of delta ice processes and associated prediction capability. Comprehensive observations and measurements, which were carried out during the 2007 and 2008 breakups, are described along with relevant analysis and data interpretation. The spacing of pre-breakup transverse cracks in delta channels is similar to that of rivers, typically ranging from 2 to 5 ice cover widths. Ice jamming in the delta is driven by major ice runs originating in the Mackenzie River and stalling in the upper reaches of Middle Channel. The data collected during the mechanical breakup event of 2008 permitted crude, but first-ever, quantification of flow re-distribution resulting from the formation of a Middle Channel jam. This jam also generated jams in East Channel and smaller distributaries. Examination of threshold velocity for ice block submergence indicated that, with notable exceptions, the expected kind of jam in delta channels is a surface accumulation of ice blocks and plates. This prediction is in accord with observations and hydrometric data at the Inuvik and Aklavik gauges. The use of portable loggers to record water level variations at selected sites proved to be a robust and effective technique for obtaining key hydraulic data.