For many programmers, designing or using digital filters is an occasional experience—maybe smoothing some data or eliminating an annoying bounce at an input Or it could be that you have an application—a light meter, for instance—that requires that you separate the input into distinct windows. These cases don't really require real-time design; most of the time, you can use an off-the-shelf filter package to come up with the numbers you need. However, there are times when you have to change parameters in real time, then depend on the results; for instance, if you are working in motion control doing real-time tuning and must provide a means for customers to change filter characteristics to prevent oscillation and disturbances from resonance. Or maybe you have an application (say, an Equalizer or Crossover) that has to tune in real time and do it quickly and accurately.
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