The emergency heat-removal systems in reactors are designed to transfer heat from the surfaces of the cladding of fuel elements in the core to the primary coolant and then to the surrounding medium (air, water). The properties of the eutec-tic lead-bismuth and lead are different from those of water and gas coolants as well as sodium and other alkali metals. The boiling temperature of lead-bismuth (～1700℃) and lead (1745℃) is higher than the breakdwon temperature of fuel-element cladding. Consequently, the degradation of heat transfer occurring in a water- or sodium-cooled core is impossible for lead and lead-bismuth.
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