The atmospheric lifetimes and concentrations of cyclic methylsiloxanes octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D_4) and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D_5) and the influence of heterogeneous uptake

摘要

The environmental fate of the cyclic methylsiloxanes (cVMS), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D_4) and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D_5), is important because of the potential for long range transport. Previous studies of environmental loss pathways for D_4 and D_5 focused on gas phase oxidation, establishing OH as the main gas phase reactant, with OH kinetics consistent with atmospheric lifetimes of approximately 7 days (D_5) and 11 days (D_4) at an OH concentration of 10~6 moleccm`(-3). In this work, we assess the sensitivity of atmospheric lifetime to other factors using an atmospheric compartment model. D4 and D5 were modeled using an compartment model to simulate emission, decay, and atmospheric transport across a range of three levels of population density corresponding to urban, transition, and rural areas of a developed mid-latitude location. The model was used to examine sensitivities of lifetime and concentration of D4 and D5 to spatial variation in OH, variation in the time-of-day for cVMS emissions, and to relative humidity dependent heterogeneous uptake and/or reactions on mineral dusts. cVMS lifetime was found to be insensitive to urban OH concentrations because of limited residence time, and somewhat sensitive to enhanced OH levels in the transition area between the urban and rural compartments. Realistic aerosol loadings and heterogeneous kinetics consistent with recent laboratory results (uptake coefficients of 1.2 × 10~(-5) and 1.6 × 10(-5) for D_4 and D_5, respectively) were calculated to reduce the cVMS lifetime by ~3% under dry conditions but have negligible effects at RH values above 50%. The heterogeneous kinetics were based on experimental observations of uptake to mineral aerosol surfaces at cVMS loadings well above ambient levels. The compartment model, after tuning of residence times and ceiling heights to reproduce benzene observations, predicted D_5 at 6, 28, and 50 ngm~(-3) in areas with low, medium, and high population densities, respectively. Corresponding D_4 concentration predictions were 5, 20, and 33 ng m~(-3). These values were compared with available measurements.