Incident Response Monitoring Technologies for Aircraft Cabin

摘要

The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) was granted by ASHRAE (1306-RP) to conduct scientific review and feasibility analysis of technologies and methods for measuring aircraft power system contaminants in the cabin air during unanticipated adverse incidents. In particular, the following specific objectives were addressed: 1. Technology review to identify novel candidate technologies or methods for identifying and quantifying aircraft power system contaminants in the cabin air during unanticipated adverse incidents 2. A ranking of available methodologies for suitability of use along with supporting rationale 3. Performance testing to evaluate sensitivity and accuracy under laboratory conditions for the two highest ranked methods From the technology reviews, it was concluded that for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), from an economical point of view, passive sampling has an advantage and that passive sampling may fulfill the boundaries for air sampling in aircraft cabins. For monitoring organophosphate esters, we concluded that a polydimethylsiloxane-(PDMS) based solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is most promising. It can be applied for monitoring qualitatively, but in order to quantify compounds uptake rates have to be determined experimentally. Organophosphate esters can also be monitored in an active way with the use of passive air sampler XAD-2 in combination with a quartz filter, followed by analysis with gas chromatog-raphy with a flame photometric detector (GC/FPD) in phosphorus mode or gas chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in single-ion mode. Prior to the performance testing, the analytical procedure was developed and validated for the determination of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and, in special tricresyl phosphates (TCPs), a neurotoxicant, if tri-ortho-cresyl isomer is present. The developed analytical procedure is able to analyze quantitatively and qualitatively 23 different OPEs including five TCP isomers within a concentration range in the extract of 0 to 400 ng/mL for most of the compounds. A dedicated simulation for bleed air was developed, including a sampling system. Based on our work, we recommend applying active sampling. For this purpose, we conclude that the following types are well suitable and accurate: 4. Tenax~® GR tubes for organic volatiles as toluene 5. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridges for volatile carbonyls as formaldehyde 6. Glass filter combined with XAD-2 absorption tube for semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) as OPEs Based on GC-MS analysis of the jet oil, it was found that the oil contains four detectable isomers of TCP: tri-meta, meta-meta-para, meta-para-para, and tri-para cresyl phosphate. The applied jet oil did not contain any ortho isomers. Finally, we conclude that the fume developed by the simulation experiments using the TCP-containing jet oil did not contain tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (ToCP), while four different TCP isomers could be found in both the jet oil and in the fume: tri(meta)-cresyl phosphate; tri(meta-meta-para)-cresyl phosphate: tri(meta-para-para)-cresyl phosphate and tri(para)-cresyl phosphate. It is recommended to measure concentrations of TCP contaminants in an event aircraft to test the proposed methodology in a future study.