Evaluation of a freeze resistant integrated collector/storage solar water-heater for northern Europe

摘要

The widescale adoption of most solar water-heating systems in colder climates in hampered by the fact that they require freeze protection, which inevitably leads to an increase in the unit cost. Integrated collector/storage solar water heaters (ICSSWH), due to their large thermal masses and simple compact structures, give good resistances to freezing in most climates.