Excellent Cycling Stability of Sodium Anode Enabled by a Stable Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formed in Ether-Based Electrolytes

摘要

Sodium-ion batteries have been considered one of the most promising power sources beyond Li-ion batteries. Although the Na metal anode exhibits a high theoretical capacity of 1165 mAh g(-1), its application in Na batteries is largely hindered by dendrite growth and low coulombic efficiency. Herein, it is demonstrated that an electrolyte consisting of 1 m sodium tetrafluoroborate in tetraglyme can enable excellent cycling efficiency (99.9%) of a Na metal anode for more than 1000 cycles. This high reversibility of a Na anode can be attributed to a stable solid electrolyte interphase formed on the Na surface, as revealed by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These electrolytes also enable excellent cycling stability of Na||hard-carbon cells and Na||Na2/3Co1/3Mn2/3O2 cells at high rates with very high coulombic efficiencies.