Manganese-Based Materials for Rechargeable Batteries beyond Lithium-Ion

摘要

The newly emerging rechargeable batteries beyond lithium-ion, including aqueous and nonaqueous Na-/K-/Zn-/Mg-/Ca-/Al-ion batteries, are rapidly developing toward large-scale energy storage application. The properties of electrode materials are determinant for electrochemical performance of the batteries. By virtue of the prominent features of low cost, non-toxicity, high voltage, and rich valence states, Mn-based electrode materials have attracted increasing attention. The big family of Mn-based materials with rich composition and polymorphs, provides great possibilities for exploring and designing advanced electrode materials for these emerging rechargeable batteries. In this review, three main categories of Mn-based materials, including oxides, Prussian blue analogous, and polyanion type materials, are systematically introduced to offer a comprehensive overview about the development and applications of Mn-based materials in various emerging rechargeable battery systems. Their crystal structure, electrochemical performance, and reaction mechanism are highlighted. In addition, the key issues encountered by many Mn-based materials, including Jahn-Teller distortion, Mn dissolution, crystal water, impact of electrolyte, etc., are also discussed. Finally, challenges and perspectives on the future development of manganese-based materials are provided as well. It is believed this review is timely and important to further promote exploration and applications of Mn-based materials in both aqueous and nonaqueous rechargeable battery systems beyond lithium-ion.