DRY–WET CYCLES INCREASE PESTICIDE RESIDUE RELEASE FROM SOIL

摘要

Soil drying and rewetting may alter the release and availability of aged pesticide residues in soils. A laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of soil drying and wetting on the release of pesticide residues. Soil containing environmentally long-term aged (9–17 years) ¹⁴C-labeled residues of the herbicides ethidimuron (ETD) and methabenzthiazuron (MBT) and the fungicide anilazine (ANI) showed a significantly higher release of ¹⁴C activity in water extracts of previously dried soil compared to constantly moistened soil throughout all samples (ETD: p < 0.1, MBT and ANI: p < 0.01). The extracted ¹⁴C activity accounted for 44% (ETD), 15% (MBT), and 20% (ANI) of total residual ¹⁴C activity in the samples after 20 successive dry–wet cycles, in contrast to 15% (ETD), 5% (MBT), and 6% (ANI) in extracts of constantly moistened soils. In the dry–wet soils, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content correlated with the measured ¹⁴C activity in the aqueous liquids and indicated a potential association of DOC with the pesticide molecules. Liquid chromatography MS/MS analyses of the water extracts of dry–wet soils revealed ETD and MBT in detectable amounts, accounting for 1.83 and 0.01%, respectively, of total applied water-extractable parent compound per soil layer. These findings demonstrate a potential remobilization of environmentally aged pesticide residue fractions from soils due to abiotic stresses such as wet–dry cycles. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1941–1947. © 2012 SETAC